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The rumen develops until the rumen is functioning properly and can maintain calf nutrition. The final product (volatile fatty acid) produced by the rumen fermentation is a stimulant for rumen development. The lack of solid food-stimulated calf rumen will not develop, this technology that limits the development of rumen can be used to feed small beef cattle. It can be seen that the intake of solid foods is crucial to the development of the rumen. From the calf's intake of solid foods, normal bacteria, protozoa, and fungi are naturally established in the rumen, although there are hundreds in the rumen. Microorganisms adhere to feed pellets, but only a dozen microorganisms are the main group. Only those bacteria (anaerobic bacteria) that can ferment carbohydrates under anaerobic conditions can rapidly grow in the rumen, and the final products produced by carbohydrate fermentation (especially acetic acid and butyric acid) are important stimuli for rumen development. Therefore, intake of high-starch feed is more important for rumen development than roughage. Feeding as early as possible a highly palatable calf feed (all types of grain mixed feed) is very important to promote the rapid development of the rumen and the smooth passage of the weaning period.
Feeding of the calf feed begins 4 days after birth and feeds the calf feed continuously for 4 months (about 6 weeks to 8 weeks after weaning). In the first two weeks after birth, the calf only eats a small amount of solid foods. It should try to encourage calves to eat solid calf feeds. A calf feed should be mixed with syrup or other good palatability nutrients; 2 should be a small amount Feed the calf feed multiple times to keep the feed fresh. 3 The calf should be restricted from eating milk. The maximum amount of milk consumed per day is no more than 10% of its birth weight: 4 Clean and fresh water should be provided when feeding the calf's feed. With the increase of drinking water, the intake of dry feed will increase; 5 Immediately after the calf has finished drinking milk, put a small amount of calf feed on the calf's mouth or the bottom of the milk tank; 6 Calf feeding materials It can also be fed with a pacifier bottle to promote ingestion.
Early studies on the timing of feeding hay and concentrates have shown that a mixture of high quality hay and concentrate is required for the normal development of the rumen. The effect of fiber or roughage is believed to help increase the rumen capacity and maintain the normal shape of rumen wrinkles. On the contrary, because carbohydrates provide calves with acetic and butyric acids that are essential for the development of the rumen wall, carbohydrates in concentrates are extremely important. If the calf feed contains less than 25% NDF, hay should be supplied. In addition, the calf feed should contain 18% crude protein, 75% to 80% digestible nutrition (TDN), Should contain appropriate vitamins A, D, and E.
There are two types of calf feed: grain calf feed and full-price calf feed. Full-price calf feed has higher fiber content than grain feed (ie, less energy), but both calf feeds can be combined with adult cattle feed (except urea), and full-price calf feed is smaller than grain. The feedability of cattle feed is slightly poor, so the intake is low. Feeding calf feed before weaning does not require additional supplementary feed. The grain component of a calf's diet is usually coarse granules that have been rough milled. Because the feed pellets are too fine to promote rumen peristalsis, the finely milled feed is not suitable for feeding calves. Usually, 5% of the syrup can be added to the calf feed to improve the palatability. When the calf intakes 1.5 kg to 2.0 When kilo calves feed (3 months old), the cheaper concentrate mixture can be fed.
Weaning and weaning should be performed when the calf grows well and receives at least a 1% of the calf's feed (500 to 600 grams for small cattle and 700 to 800 grams for large cattle), which is smaller or weaker. The calf should continue to be fed milk and only once a week before weaning. Most calves can be weaned from 5 weeks to 8 weeks of age. Calves fed on grain calf feeds may be more than full price. Calf feed calves were weaned for several weeks. There is a greater risk of weaning four weeks ago and can result in high mortality. However, weaning increases consumption after eight weeks due to the following reasons: (1) After weaning, the calf’s feed (crude ratio) is cheaper than milk or milk substitutes; (2) Feeding only liquid foods will limit the calf’s growth, and calves can be better after weaning. The transition to eating solid feed (calf feed and roughage) will significantly increase body weight. As mentioned above, feeding the calf feed before weaning and then re-supplying the roughage would be better for the calf's nutritional needs and ruminal development. However, quality hay or silage should be fed after weaning. The ingredients in the feed formula should be closely monitored. Especially when the feed formula contains corn silage, the dietary intake increases after weaning and the body weight can and should rise to long term. Ideal level. At the age of 6 months, concentrates can be fed from 2 kg to 2.5 kg.
Calf feeding from birth to weaning
Fresh calves and small dairy cows that use liquid food as their main feed differ from adult ruminants in that they only have one stomach that functions as the stomach. When the calf eats milk or milk substitutes, the esophageal sulcus closes, allowing milk to bypass the reticulum and the rumen directly into the stomach. However, after feeding the food, the esophageal sulcus gradually loses its function, the bacterial group in the rumen begins to build, and the rumen wall begins to develop. Eventually, the small cows can use and digest the fibrous feed due to the establishment and growth of the microbiome in the rumen. The observation of ruminants from 2 months to 4 months of age can confirm that their rumen has function. As young cows grow, the required pen area and feeding space increase significantly. In addition, many management measures (including vaccination, parasite treatment, artificial insemination, height and weight measurement, etc.) also require additional space. Facilities for raising older cows to be raised should meet their requirements and be easy for breeders to work. The characteristics of the cow's stables should be such that feeding, bedding and sanitation, animal movements and caps are easy to use. Therefore, as early as possible to provide and feed solid food, create a good environment to accelerate the development of the rumen and early weaning (5 weeks to 8 weeks of age).