The calf points out that from the time of birthday to 6 months of age, the calf is the reserve force of the pasture, the fresh blood of the pasture, the basis of the herd, the vital force of the pasture, and the future of the pasture. Therefore, we should attach importance to the “future†of the ranch, be kind to the yak, be meticulously reared and carefully cultivated, so that it truly becomes the “future†of the ranch. Yak feeding is generally divided into two phases: 1. Breastfeeding phase: birth to 45 days to 60 days. 2. Weaning period: 45 days to 60 days to 180 days. When the fetus is not born, there is little stress due to better conditions and environment in the maternal uterus. Once born, it will be affected by various conditions in the outside world, and it will be subject to a lot of stress. At this time the calf's immune resistance is poor, it is relatively easy to get sick, there is a slight oversight or lag in treatment, it will cause economic and loss of cattle. The yak stage is generally more prominent and more common diseases are mainly two: 1. Upper respiratory tract infection --- yak bronchial pneumonia. 2. Gastrointestinal tract infection -- calf diarrhea. Yak bronchial pneumonia, calf diarrhea, the incidence of these two diseases is mainly in northern China, especially in winter, the northern winter temperatures are generally -10 °C ~ -30 °C, the climate is relatively cold; and cattle are Distributing mainly, some sports grounds are humid, and very few pastures are even harsh. In addition, yak has not attracted enough attention in breeding, resulting in increased upper respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract infection opportunities for yak, and other diseases, resulting in yak growth retardation, causing stiff cows, waiting until the fitting period causes pregnancy difficulties, and even Infertility leads to a higher proportion of deaths and eliminations. According to statistics of some pastures and farmers, the annual elimination rate of yak is more than 10%, and the annual elimination rate of yak under normal conditions should be less than 2%. The increase in the elimination rate of yak has caused huge losses to the pasture economy, the value added to the herd, including follow-up production. In fact, the feeding and management of the yak stage can directly influence whether the production performance of the herd can be normalized after it is put into operation. Therefore, grasping the feeding and management of yaks, raising the survival rate of yaks, and training healthy yaks are the basis in the production of animal husbandry, and it is also an important basis for improving the quality of cattle and creating high-yielding herds. Improving the survival rate of yaks is of great significance both in scale farming and in individual farmers, in terms of developing production and increasing economic efficiency. Prevention of Upper Airway and Gastrointestinal Diseases in Calves The importance of colostrum The newborn yak is not fully developed due to its various tissues and organs, its skin protection function and nerve regulation function are not perfect, and its ability to adapt to the external environment is weak, and its resistance to the bad external environment is poor. Newborn calves are more susceptible to bacteria and viruses and cause various diseases. In order to ensure the health of calves, calves should be fed with the first good quality colostrum within one hour after birth (if cows have mastitis or first-infert cows, they can use the calving cows instead). Colostrum contains a large amount of antibody immunoglobulins, because the maternal blood of immunoglobulin can not be delivered to the fetus through the placenta, therefore, the primary calf is not immune. Only as soon as possible to eat colostrum, colostrum in the intestinal absorption of immune globulin into the blood, calves only have immunity, can enhance the disease resistance. The amount of colostrum fed The amount of colostrum feeding for the first time does not exceed 5% of the calf's body weight, which is generally 1.5 kg to 2 kg. As the immunoglobulin in colostrum decreases dramatically with the increase in the number of milkings. The colostrum is fed for the second time between 6 hours and 9 hours, and 5 kg of colostrum can be fed within 24 hours. Colostrum feeding days The breastmilk is fed from 1 day to 3 days, and the normal milk can be fed from the 4th day. Calves eat early Yak is generally born 5 days to 7 days, you can feed calves start food (granules), 21 days to 28 days to start training to eat high quality coarse material. Early eating can promote rumen development and prepare for weaning in advance. During breastfeeding Strictly follow the "three set" principle, that is, timing, quantitative, fixed temperature. Calf weaning Yak generally weaned 45 days to 60 days, and the amount of breast milk was between 300 kg and 360 kg, which can gradually reduce the amount of milk fed. The key is that calves must feed condiment for 3 days in a row, 1 kg per head per day before weaning. Calf post-weaning diet To meet the nutritional needs of yaks' growth and development, high-energy, high-protein, and high-quality raw materials should be used to meet the needs of vitamins, trace elements, and constant elements. Drinking water Provide clean drinking water in a timely manner to ensure the cleanliness of sinks and water bowls; warm water should be given during the winter season and during the initial period of breastfeeding (Figures 3 and 4). disinfection Feeding utensils; feed troughs and drums are kept clean and regularly disinfected; breast-feeding cowsheds are best disinfected once a day; sports grounds are guaranteed to be disinfected once a month. surroundings The cowshed should be kept dry and ventilated, and the dunnage should be replaced in a timely manner to ensure that the cow bed and body are clean and the playground is in good condition. (As shown in Figure 5, Figure 6) Reduce stress In winter, antifreeze and warm work should be done to avoid upper respiratory tract and gastrointestinal diseases caused by cold invasion. Summer should be done to prevent heatstroke and reduce the herd density. Do a good job of prevention and immunization. Yak Bronchial Pneumonia Treatment Etiology The cowshed is poorly ventilated, cold and humid, and the calf is weak and causes upper respiratory tract infections. Bronchial pneumonia is usually caused by the spread of bronchial inflammation around the tissues, spreading to the alveoli, and causing alveolar inflammation. symptom Mainly cough, dyspnea, elevated body temperature, usually 39.5 °C ~ 41 °C, mental fatigue, like standing gasping, do not want to lie down. Auscultation: The breath sounds in the lungs are thickened and accompanied by wet and dry rales. Early detection, timely treatment. Streptomycin: 1.6 million units of penicillin, 1 gram of streptomycin, and intramuscular injection twice daily for 3 days to 4 days. Kanamycin: 5 mg to 10 mg/kg body weight, intramuscularly twice daily for 3 days to 4 days. Gentamicin: 1 mg to 1.5 mg/kg body weight, intramuscularly, twice daily, for 3 days to 4 days. Severe illness, intravenous tetracycline can be used 3 grams to 5 grams, sulfa drugs, glucocorticoids, etc., during the medication must be on time, according to the course of treatment will have a better effect. Calf diarrhea Mainly by bacteria, viruses, external environment and stress, poor feeding and management, caused by yak gastrointestinal dysfunction. Depressed spirit, loss of appetite or waste, gross hair disorder, abdomen contraction, anus, tail and back drive often contaminated with faeces, feces was watery, rancid, bloody; long-term diarrhea Yak bilateral ribs Depression, exposed ribs, extreme weight loss, growth and development obstruction; intractable diarrhea can cause yak failure and death. Generally anti-inflammatory, astringent, rehydration based. Norfloxacin was given orally twice or three times a day for 2 to 3 consecutive days. Sulfa meter tablets orally, 2 times to 3 times a day, 2 times to 3 days. Carbon tablets and tannic acid were orally administered 2 times to 3 times a day for 2 to 3 times. Oxytetracycline, sodium bicarbonate oral, 2 times to 3 times a day, 2 times to 3 times. Berberine, gentamicin intramuscularly, twice a day for 2 days to 3 days. Severe or dehydration sickness can be considered infusion, the main supplement of body fluids, electrolytes, antibiotics and so on. Such as glucose, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium bicarbonate, gentamicin, tetracycline and so on.
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