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In order to implement the national soil testing and fertilizer formulation project, and address the issue of farmers applying fertilizers blindly, this guideline on spring fertilization, irrigation, and pest control for wheat is presented for the reference of farmers. These recommendations aim to improve efficiency, conserve resources, and ensure better crop yields. First, irrigation: From a water conservation perspective, it is recommended that wheat be irrigated twice in the spring. For fields with normal growth, watering with frozen water is encouraged. If the soil moisture is sufficient, there is no need for green water. The first irrigation should take place during the jointing stage (late March to early April), and the second irrigation should occur during the heading and flowering period (late April to early May). The exact timing and amount of irrigation should be based on the moisture level of the soil. If conditions allow, a third irrigation can be applied if the weather is dry. Second, fertilization: 1. Fertilizer selection: In low-yield fields, top-dressing with single nitrogen fertilizers such as urea or ammonium bicarbonate is recommended. For mid- and high-yield fields, it's advised to use nitrogen and potassium top-dressing based on soil test results. It's important to consider the balance of nutrients and their forms. Studies have shown that using only nitrogen-based fertilizers like ammonium bicarbonate may lead to weak root systems and lodging. Using nitrogen and potassium together improves root development, increases resistance to lodging, enhances drought and cold tolerance, and boosts grain weight and yield. Compared to using urea alone, applying nitrogen and potassium can increase yield by 50–100 kg per mu. 2. Proportion and content of nitrogen and potassium top-dressing: Recommended ratios include 30% (25-0-5), 30% (22-0-8), and 30% (20-0-10), depending on the potassium deficiency of the soil. It is suggested to apply 25–30 kg per mu. 3. Fertilization timing: For weak seedlings, early spring management should focus on promoting growth, combined with irrigation and green fertilizer application. Apply additional fertilizer after the second jointing stage. For normal fields, it's essential to balance promotion and control. Fields with low fertility can be top-dressed twice during the jointing stage. For high-fertility areas, strong and stable plots should receive fertilizer during the jointing stage, preferably after the first internode elongation. For vigorous fields, control is key—fertilize later in the jointing stage to avoid late maturation. Pest and disease control: Common diseases affecting winter wheat include powdery mildew, rust, full-blade blight, sheath blight, and bushy dwarf. Major pests include midges, aphids, red spiders, and brown planthoppers. 1. For powdery mildew and rust, apply 20% triadimefon emulsion at 50 ml or 15% triadimefon at 75 g per mu, mixed with 60–70 kg of water, and spray at the onset of disease. 2. For full-blade blight, use 20% triadimefon EC at 100 ml or 15% triadimefon at 150 g, mixed with 50–80 kg of water, and spray from the beginning of wheat growth to the jointing stage. 3. For sheath blight, apply 5% Jinggangmycin at 100–150 ml per mu, mixed with 50–70 kg of water, and spray at the base of the stem during the early jointing stage. 4. To control wheat stubble, use 50% chlorpyrifos WP at 6 g per mu, mixed with 50–60 kg of water, and spray accordingly. 5. To prevent red spider infestations, apply 1.8% avermectin at 3000–4000 times dilution, which also helps control SBPH and prevent dwarf disease. Additionally, attention should be given to controlling yellow dwarf disease, bushy dwarf disease, leaf beetles, and underground pests.

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