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Yam cultivation techniques
Dioscorea sp. is also known as yam, big potato, dioscoreae, annual or perennial twining vines. Underground tubers are rich in carbohydrates such as starch and proteins. With high yield and rich nutrition, it can not only replace grain, but also produce vegetables, which can be fried, cooked, and distilled. Tuber resistant storage, can extend the supply period, there is a function of blocking the lack of fill. The tubers contain paranephroside, which is used as a nourishing and nourishing agent. It has auxiliary effects on the weakness, chronic enteritis, diabetes, enuresis, nocturnal emission, night sweats, sputum, and other diseases. (A) Biological characteristics of yams all use asexual reproduction, fibrous roots, roots born after germination in the stem base, extending horizontally, up to 1 meter, mainly distributed in the soil layer of 20 cm to 30 cm. Cross-section circular or polygonal, right-handed. Underground tubers have long cylindrical, cylindrical, spindle-shaped, palmar or agglomerate. The skin has a reddish-brown, dark-brown, and purplish red color, white flesh, and lavender, with dense fibrous roots on the surface. The tip of the leaf is pointed, the base is verrucous, the petiole is long, the lateral branch of the leafhopper forms or the aerial tuber is formed, and there are more than one child. Flowers single and dioecious, spikes, flowers small, white or yellow. Mangosteen with 3 wings, flat oval, rarely cultivated. The yam is hi-temperature and dry, and the tubers begin to germinate at 10 C. The suitable temperature for the growth of stems and leaves is 25C～28 C. The suitable ground temperature for tuber growth is 20 C～24C. The leaves and vines withered to death and the tubers can withstand the ground temperature of 15 C. Short-day exposure promotes the formation of tubers and nulls. The demand for soil is not strict, but soil is fertile and water-retaining is strong. The sandy soil with deep soil is the best. (b) Variety selection The yam cultivated in China is a cultivar that can form underground fleshy tubers under Dioscorea. 1. Ordinary yam (D.batata) is also known as yam. Leaves opposite, stem round, no wings, veins 7-9 highlights. This type of tuber shape can be divided into three categories. The flat stalks have a flat tuber shape and resemble the soles of foot, such as the foot potato of Jiangxi, Hunan, Sichuan, and Guizhou, and the sweet potatoes of Ruian, Zhejiang. Cylindrical species, short round tuber or irregular lumps, such as Huangyan potato medicine, Taiwan potato. Long column species, tube length 30 cm to 100 cm, diameter 3 cm to 10 cm, such as yam medicine in Nancheng, Jiangxi, Jiangsu Suqian, suburban counties, Peixian line yam, yam yam, chicken yam and so on. 2. Field potato (D. alata), also known as the big potato, has wings with short petiole and 7 veins. The tubers are very large and some weigh 40 kg or more. There are also three types of tuber shapes. Flat species, such as Guangdong Kwai potato, Fujian ginkgo potato. Cylindrical species, such as Taiwan Sweet Potato, Guangzhou early sweet potato. Long column species, such as long sweet potato in Taiwan, Qianjin potato in Jiangxi Guangfeng, and potato and potato. (c) sowing 1. It is advisable to dig trenches or dig holes to cultivate yam in an easy and fertile, deep sandy loam soil. Spread the soil with a thoroughly cooked surface fertilizer. General cultivation of yam needs to be deep-turned, and cultivation of flat-type and cylinder-cultivated crops is shallow. After cultivating 30 centimeters, 60 cm to 100 cm in width are used for flat hoeing or sorghum cultivation. The long column species are arranged at a distance of 2m to 3m and dig a deep ditch whose depth is equal to the length of the organs of the yam product. The deep ditch, which is generally 60cm to 100cm in depth and 33cm in width, is piled on both sides of the topsoil and the soil and soil during excavation. After weathering, select sunny fill. When filling, first fill in the soil, then fill in the topsoil and step on the layers. The stepping method is to step on both sides of the ditch and leave a loose soil in the middle. The filling time should not exceed 10 cm to 12 cm. Such stratification is practiced until the ditch becomes a ridge, and a reed is inserted in the middle of the ridge to mark the sedge and wait for sowing. This traditional method of digging mountain ditch cultivation is laborious and laborious. In recent years, Peixian Changjiang Yam has been used in cave cultivation instead of digging mountain ditch cultivation method. The hole cultivation is in the late autumn and early winter. After fertilization and leveling, the line is laid 70 cm apart in winter, and digging 5 cm to 8 cm shallow ditch with a shovel, and then using the punching tool on the line 25 cm A hole of ~30 centimeters is required to make the hole smooth and solid, with a diameter of about 8 cm and a depth of 150 cm. 2. The planting of the Yangtze River and the Huai River basin is planted from mid-March to early April. The traditional method of digging the mountain ditch should be to open the ditch on the ridge of the yam, and the ditch should be level with the ground and the ditch should be watered. If it is planted with yam yam, it should be inserted horizontally or obliquely in the same direction along the swaying tail of the yam, and insert Chen stalk stalks near each bud to mark them, avoiding the sinus sprouts and guiding the new yam along the stalks. stretch. When planting, yam should be fertilized with potato chips to avoid bad potatoes. The hole-growing culture was first covered with a 20-cm wide mulch at the time of sowing, and then the buds on the yam seed potatoes were aligned at the hole so that the fresh yam tubers were able to pass through the holes, and finally the ridges were 40 centimeters wide and 20 centimeters high. Pei ridge, fertilization and leveling in the ridge. (D) Field Management Yam's field management works include watering, fertilizing, weeding, spreading manure, covering grass, scaffolds, vines, pruning, and controlling the production of zero children. 1. Water and Fertilizer Management The yam leaves have thick cuticles on the front and back, so they are very drought-tolerant. After planting, they drench the ditch and then cover the soil. Before the emergence, they can no longer water. The absorption root system of yam is shallow, occurs early, and extends in the horizontal direction. The root system is easily damaged by the hoe cultivator, and most of the management methods of weeding, covering soil, and covering grass are adopted. The yam adopts a method of phase-by-stage top-dressing, and applies manure or cake fertilizer on both sides of the yam ditch to mature the stalks. In June, when the stems and leaves are in full bloom, the roots in July will accumulate nutrients in large amounts and will be chased once. At the same time as the application of nitrogen fertilizer, the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers such as charcoal is very effective. If yellow manure is used as top dressing, it is better to keep away from tubers so as not to burn the potatoes. The yam spacing is relatively large, and generally fast-growing vegetables are used. The management of fertilizer and water for fast-growing vegetables often benefits yam and can save yam's fertilizer and water management. 2. Stents, Liji, and pruning yam stems are long, slender and delicate, easily blown by the wind, and generally should be erected. Yam stent is high and its yield is also high, usually about 3 meters. Most of the yams are not pruned, but removing 2 to 3 lateral branches of the yam can concentrate nutrients and increase tuber yield. The same principle, the excessive production of more than one yam yam, will also affect the underground tuber yield, it should be erased as much as possible early excesses. 3. Diseases and pests control Yam diseases include anthracnose, nematode disease, wilt disease, white astringent disease, and root rot, etc. Pests include cockroaches, tawny moths, and yam leaf bees. There are more anthrax and nematode diseases in the Yangtze and Huaihe River basins. Anthracnose agricultural control measures are weeding, loosing soil and rainy weather to drain water from the field in time to prevent collapse. Once it is found to be sick, it can be sprayed with 65% of dexamethasone WP 500 times or 50% of carbendazim suspension 800 times in the initial stage, and sprayed once every 7 to 10 days for a total of 2 or 3 injections. Nematode disease is a major disease found in recent years, yam tubers. In addition to promoting the cultivation of holes, the prevention and control methods should be promoted for more than three years. Before the sowing, the insecticides should be evenly scattered in planting trenches with a depth of 10 cm. Generally, 5,000 grams of phosphogranules per acre should be used for 6 000 grams, or 5% of the enemy line of EC 8 000 grams. (5) Harvesting and Seeding In general, yam should be harvested when all stems and leaves are withered, and the early harvest yield is low, and the moisture content is easily broken. If you are not in a hurry to go public, you can save it in the field for the winter. You can delay the harvest until late in the middle or late March of the following year. The average mu (1 mu = 667 square meters) produces 1500 kg ~ 3,000 kg. Small areas of high yield up to more than 7,000 kilograms. Yam usually blooms without seeds in the Yangtze and Huaihe River valleys, and there are three methods for sowing seed with vegetative propagation material. 1. The top bud breeding method of long column species of yam stem end has a meaty, tough, uneatable part, commonly known as yam tail, can be used to breed. With yams breeding, generally 60 to 80 grams per piece, after planting the top growth advantage, high yield, but the propagation coefficient can not be increased, that is, the area planted this year can only be equal to last year. 2. Cut and multiply In order to increase the propagation coefficient, the edible part of the yam yam is cut and germinated, and after the adventitious bud grows, it is planted. 3. There are more than zero sons of aerial tubers grown in yam leaf pods that can be used to expand reproduction. With more than zero sons to produce fewer flowers, occupy a small area, large propagation coefficient, yam is not easy to degenerate, is an indispensable breeding method for production. However, using the method of zero-child breeding is to use more than one child received last year and stay till spring sowing. Autumn Yu can only receive 13cm to 16cm long, 200g to 250g hectare, and must be replanted in the spring of the following year. Three years to receive the product. (6) Storage and processing The yam tubers are hardy and can be stored on the spot if necessary, and are delayed until mid-March to the following year. It can also be stored in a clay kiln. The yam in the pit is stacked alternately with sand and sand. Finally, the casing is ridged and the straw is covered to prevent rainwater intrusion. The cellar is kept at 10 C to 15 C, and it can be stored until April to May of the following year. In addition to fresh yam supply market, yam has also processed fresh yams into tops or light strips in recent years. The method of making tops is to make yam soaked in water, scraped skin, sulfur fumigation, and dried to make coarse tops. Soak the tops with soft water, sprinkle with starch, dip the light and cut them into yam strips of 16cm to 18cm. Sprinkle with starch, dip in the light and dry them to a light strip of fine products.