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1 Major diseases and pests of flowers in protected areas and their occurrence conditions
1.1 Main Diseases and Their Occurrence Conditions (1) Botrytis cinerea is the most common and most damaging fungal disease in flowers in protected areas. It is extremely prone to occur under humid and cold conditions. Symptoms include complex disease, canker disease, rot of bulbs, bulbs, and seeds, and seedlings' devastating diseases. Occurs frequently at the tips of leaves and leaves. Diseases at the beginning of the disease are mostly water-stained spots. Full gray mildew layer, the scope of the host is very wide, mainly to harm the cyclamen, jellyfish and so on.
(2) Powdery mildew: more damage to leaves, branches, flower and young shoots. At the beginning of the disease, the disease minister developed a layer of white mold and turned grey later. In the season of vigorous growth, high temperature and rainfall, application of nitrogen fertilizer, and high planting density, insufficient illumination or poor ventilation are conducive to the occurrence of diseases. The main damage rose, cineraria and so on.
(3) Anthracnose: mainly damages the leaves and stems. The diseased parts of the leaves are mostly round and oval red-brown spots on the initial onset of the leaves, and then expand into dark brown spots. There are striated black spots on the center of the lesion. Dark green; when the stem is onset, it often produces round or near-circular pale brown spots. Mainly potted flowers placed too dense, leaf cross infection, and high temperature hot, poor ventilation caused. The main damage is orchids, jasmine, evergreen and other foliage plants.
(4) Leaf spot, including melasma, brown spot, and rotten spot, is caused by local infestation, localized necrosis of leaves and the formation of spots or perforations of various colors and shapes. A variety of spotted or moldy layers are formed on the lesions. Mostly occur at low temperature and fog, poor ventilation and light transmission, and extensive management. The main damage rose, Clivia, camellia and foliage plants.
(5) Mosaic virus disease is a worldwide disease that mainly affects leaves and flower organs. In the early stage of disease, the leaves begin to turn chlorotic and gradually turn brown. The diseased leaves are yellow and distorted, which is mainly caused by the seedlings of the seedlings. The main damage is Gladiolus, Cyclamen, Carnation and so on.
(6) Bacterial rot disease occurs most often in juicy tissues, ie, bulbs, bulbs, and tuberous roots. The diseased area is characterized by the disintegration of tissue and the outflow of odor-laden juice. The high temperature and humidity, and the environment with many nitrogen fertilizers are conducive to occurrence and epidemic. The main victims are Cyclamen, Shanwei, and Clivia.
1.2 Major Insect Pests and Their Occurrence Conditions Aphids, whiteflies, red spiders, and scale insects are the four major insect pests in the protected areas.
(1) Locust insects are contaminated by shoots and nymphs of adults and nymphs. The wounded leaves are often curled up and the buds are not easy to spread. The honeydew that is secreted also easily causes the occurrence of coal contamination and viral diseases. It is easy to occur when the weather is dry and the temperature is appropriate. The main damage lily, cineraria, tulips and so on.
(2) The whitefly, also known as the white moth, is one of the important pests that harms flowers. Adults or nymphs gather at the back of the young leaves of the host to suck and sap, and the damaged leaves fade, yellow, wilt, and even die. In addition, the adult And honey nectar secreted by larvae is easy to induce coal pollution and virus disease. In the greenhouse, it breeds all year round. The main damage to azaleas, rose, jasmine and so on.
(3) The red spider, mostly feeding on the back of leaves, destroys the leaf tissue and often leaves the leaves chlorogenic, showing spots, plaques, or curling and shrinking. In severe cases, the entire leaf is charred and burns. High temperatures, prone to dry conditions. The main damage rose, azalea and so on.
(4) There are many species of scale insects. The nymphs and female adults are harmed by sucking sap at the shoot tip and the dorsal midvein and easily cause the leaves and branches to dry. In addition to sucking sap and weakening growth potential, it also induces coal pollution, which is perennial in the greenhouse. The main damage is mischievous, Pittosporum, eucalyptus, camellia, etc.
2 comprehensive prevention and control technology
2.1 Cultivate seedless seedlings and seed bulbs before planting seedless seedlings strictly for quarantine, and adopt a combination of drug disinfection and warm water soaking in time to prevent germplasm from seed sources; do a good job of environmental sanitation work in the protected areas and thoroughly remove residuals. Planted leaves and weeds are reduced to reduce the habitat of pests and diseases; strengthen seedling management, the density of flowers and plants should not be too large when planting or placing flowers, and timely release air, hardening seedlings, control young seedlings, increase the resistance of seedlings, and find diseased plants at any time. Pull out. The above measures can reduce the pest species by about 50%.
2.2 Cultivation and Control
(1) Cultivation of nutritious soil should be conducted before planting, or the soil should be treated with chemicals such as pentachloronitrobenzene to prevent bacteria and eggs. At the same time, the application of decomposed organic fertilizer is beneficial to increase the microbial antagonism around the rhizosphere, and it is also helpful to reduce the occurrence of blight and damping-off.
(2) Rotation falls. Rotating and planting different kinds of flowers can effectively reduce the occurrence of soil-borne diseases such as blight, anthracnose, and sclerotinia;
(3) For sorghum cultivation, sprinkler irrigation can be used for irrigation. The aisle covers the crop stalks, which can reduce the relative humidity of the greenhouse, improve the ventilation and light transmission performance, and reduce the incidence of disease;
(4) Reasonable water and fertilizer management. According to different kinds of flower varieties and habits, scientifically cooperate with fertilization, regulate the growth potential of flowers, enhance the resistance to pests and diseases, and promote the robust growth of flowers. Watering time, try to make the water temperature and soil temperature close to appropriate. Spring and autumn seasons should be selected around 10:00 am and 3:00 pm. Summer should be in the morning or evening. Winter should be selected around noon. This can also ease the relative humidity in protected areas and reduce the frequency of pests and diseases.
(5) Greenhouse selection of non-drop film or defogging PVC film coverage can reduce the indoor relative humidity, the light transmittance is increased by 15% to 20% compared with the ordinary film, and the heat preservation performance is improved by 2 to 3°C to reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases.
2.3 Prevention and control of ecological regulation Strengthen environmental regulation, timely ventilation and ventilation, improve the temperature and humidity conditions in the protected area, and make the leaves of the flowers as non-condensing as possible. The general temperature is 20-25°C, and the relative humidity of the air is 60%-70%, which can be guaranteed. Drops of water. This can reduce the occurrence of diseases such as gray mold and downy mildew. Changes in temperature should be managed in the protected areas, because the temperature changes in the protected areas are relatively large, and the regulation is strengthened so that pathogens cannot germinate and invade smoothly. High temperature stuffy shed, temperature above 28°C, adverse to spore production of downy mildew, gray mold, etc., can be increased to kill the bacteria, the appropriate high temperature can also activate the body's defense enzyme system, thereby increasing the resistance of the plant . On sunny days at noon, when the temperature reaches 35 to 40°C, 2 hours of stuffy sheds are used, which may have a certain inhibitory effect on downy mildew and gray mold.
2.4 Biological control Biological control methods should be actively applied where conditions permit. Lilium americanus is an endoparasitic bee of the whitefly, and when the average individual in the greenhouse has 1-2 white-duck bees, it releases the larva, 2800 per 667m2, once every 7 to 10 days, two times in succession. The control effect can be as high as 80% to 90%. Penicillium can also be used to prevent and control greenhouse whitefly. Protection of natural flies, grasshoppers, ladybugs, and other natural enemies can effectively improve the biological control effect.
2.5 Physical control The use of heat treatment and other methods can effectively control pests and diseases, such as Gladiolus bulbs with 55 °C hot water for 30min to prevent Fusarium dry rot and other diseases. The use of silver-gray reflective film can repel aphids, you can also use the principle of silver white tin foil reflective, do not move habitat aphids, or the use of aphids, whitefly yellowness, in the greenhouse wall or plant top 10 to 20cm yellow The board or hanging yellow sticky sticks at the vents for trapping and killing works very well.
2.6 Chemical control of flower pests and diseases in chemical protection sites The principle of “prevention over treatment†shall be adopted, and fungicides and bactericidal agents such as chlorothalonil, thiophanate-methyl, and monomycin shall be periodically sprayed on target pests and pests. Insecticides such as dicamba, dichlorvos, and oxime are generally sprayed 2-3 times per month; they can also be smoked and killed in the protected area and in the evening when the shed is closed. This saves labor, saves time, disperses evenly, and overcomes Disadvantages such as uneven spraying. In winter greenhouses, prevention of disease is the main method. Regular use of 20% chlorothalonil smoke can be used to uniformly ignite 250g per 667m2. Fumigation sterilization can prevent large areas of disease from occurring. The following measures should be taken for sudden diseases and insect pests:
2.6.1 Prevention and treatment of major diseases
(1) Botrytis, anthracnose, and disease: In the early stage of disease, 75% chlorothalonil soluble powder 600 times or 70% thiophanate powder 1500 times.
(2) Powdery Mildew: Continuously spray 2 to 3 times with Nongken 120, 25% powder and chlorinated 2000 times solution; Particularly sensitive to “sulfur†for powdery fungus, ignite fumigation with 250ml of sulfur powder and 0.25kg of sawdust per 250～300m2 One night, the control effect was good.
(3) Bacterial soft rot: Spraying or irrigating with streptomycin for 3 to 4 times can effectively prevent the occurrence of the disease.
(4) Mosaic virus disease: Do a good job of prevention and control of aphids, scale insects, etc., and regularly spray virus spirit has a certain effect on the prevention and treatment of viral diseases.
(5) Leaf spot: Use 25% carbendazim WP 300 to 600 times every 10 days; or 25% Triadimefon 2000 times, spray once in January, the effect is good.
2.6.2 Prevention of Major Insect Pests
(1) Locust: Use 20% speed to exterminate 3,000 times liquid or 2.5% bifenthrin 5000 times, or use 22% dichlorvos smoke agent 0.3kg/667m2 or 10% extermination smoke to seal and smoke overnight. The method is simple and has special effects on the control of aphids.
(2) Whitefly: Controlled by 3000 times of 10% imidacloprid (Guanjing), mixed with 25% Buprofezin WP 1500x or 2.5% Uranus Chrysanthemum 5000x, and Locust has control against whiteflies. Special effects. Pharmacy should be sprayed in the morning or evening, continuous control of 2 or 3 times, both to alleviate the resistance of whitefly production, but also improve the control effect.
(3) Red spiders and scale insects: On the basis of the artificial removal of the larvae, use 90% trichlorfon EC and 40% omethoate EC 1000 times. Or 20% Dai Ling EC 3000 ~ 4000 times liquid, and add a small amount of washing powder to facilitate uniform spray, spray once every 7 to 10 days, continuous spray 3 to 4 times. Can also be used triclosan 1000 times the control effect of up to 90%. In addition, a 10% insecticide net smoke agent 250 g/667m2 was fumigated in the protected area for 4 to 5 hours, which had a certain control effect against whitefly, red spider, and scale insects.
3 Summary The occurrence of major pests and diseases of flowers in protected areas is closely related to the specific environmental conditions of high temperature and high humidity in the protected areas. The prevention and control of pests and diseases should be based on the principle of “preventing overemphasis on treatmentâ€, adopting cultivation and prevention as the basis, strengthening the regulation of the ecological environment, actively adopting biological control, physical prevention and control, and regularly using low-toxicity pesticides for prevention and control, and aiming at different types of pests and diseases. The principle of timely prevention and control, control of the occurrence of pests and diseases, effectively enhance the ornamental value of flowers, so as to achieve the high efficiency of flower production.
Comprehensive prevention and control of diseases and pests of flowers in protected areas
The large-scale development of protected cultivation has provided convenience for the annual production of flowers for ornamental purposes. However, the special environmental conditions of high temperature and high humidity also provide a place for a large number of pests to spread. The occurrence and development of flower pests and diseases in protected areas have their own characteristics, and are different from open fields. As a kind of ornamental products, if the flowers are infected with insects, some or all of their ornamental value will be lost, which will cause greater economic losses. It will be difficult to obtain satisfactory results by adopting a single control method. Therefore, the prevention and control of pests and diseases of flowers in protected areas must be maintained. The policy of “preventing overemphasis on treatment†will play a role in comprehensive prevention and control, and control pests and diseases below the allowable level of ornamental value of flowers. On the basis of full investigation and combined with the production experience of the past few years, this article discusses the occurrence regularity and comprehensive prevention and control countermeasures of the main infestation pests and diseases of flowers in protected fields, in order to provide a scientific basis for comprehensive prevention and control of pests and diseases in protected areas.