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Helium bubble disease
In alfalfa farming, excessive algae in the water can lead to reduced transparency. During hot midday hours under intense sunlight, algae undergo photosynthesis and release large amounts of oxygen. When the dissolved oxygen level exceeds 160% saturation, it can cause a condition known as gas bubble disease. In recent years, many turtle farms—especially small-scale intensive ponds—have experienced this issue due to leftover feed and poor water management. If waste is not removed regularly and water changes are delayed, algae can proliferate rapidly, especially between June and July. This leads to sudden algae die-offs, triggering gas bubble disease, which results in significant fish mortality and economic losses.
Additionally, high nitrogen levels in the water can also contribute to gas bubble disease when oxygen saturation reaches 160% or higher. This condition is commonly observed in hot spring environments where water chemistry is imbalanced.
Gas bubble disease primarily affects juvenile turtles and young fry, though adult turtles can also be affected. The disease is most prevalent during the summer months when temperatures are high. While the number of turtles dying directly from the disease may be relatively low, many succumb to secondary infections or other related illnesses.
The disease occurs when water with high gas saturation enters the turtle's body through the skin, leading to supersaturation of gases in the bloodstream. As excess gas forms bubbles, they accumulate in various parts of the body, particularly under the shell, around the eyes, and on the back. Autopsies reveal that the abdominal cavity, blood vessels, and intestinal walls contain numerous air bubbles, which can cause blockages in blood vessels and eventually lead to death. Affected turtles often appear bloated, have visible bubbles on their backs, float near the surface, or lie on their backs in the sun.
To prevent gas bubble disease, several measures should be taken. First, remove excess sludge from the pond bottom and thoroughly disinfect the area before introducing new stock. Second, ensure regular water changes to maintain good water quality. Third, monitor and adjust water clarity, keeping it above 30 cm. During hot seasons, add fresh water daily to dilute potential toxins and reduce gas buildup.
If the disease is detected, immediately flush the pond with fresh water, drain part of the existing water, and transfer affected turtles to a clean, cement-lined pool. Keep them there for about a week until they show signs of recovery. Once they are healthy, they can be reintroduced to the main aquaculture pond. Early detection and prompt action are crucial to minimizing losses.