Fertilization Technology of Soybean and Peanut

Soybeans and peanuts are two of the most important oil crops in China. A key characteristic of these crops is their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen through symbiotic bacteria in root nodules, which can significantly reduce the need for synthetic nitrogen fertilizers. However, this nitrogen-fixing capability is not immediate. During the early seedling stage, the root nodules are not yet active, so the plants still require external nitrogen. Additionally, if the soil is poor or other environmental factors are unfavorable, the nodules may develop poorly, limiting their nitrogen-fixing capacity. In such cases, it's necessary to apply some nitrogen fertilizer to support plant growth. Because legumes like soybeans and peanuts can fix some nitrogen on their own, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are generally used in larger quantities compared to nitrogen. This is a common practice in the cultivation of leguminous crops. In northern China, especially in the Northeast region, soybean production is widespread. In contrast, peanuts are mainly grown in southern regions. Both areas often have large areas of phosphorus-deficient soils, making phosphate fertilizer a critical input for both crops. In the north, water-soluble phosphate fertilizers such as calcium superphosphate are commonly used, while in the south, citric acid-soluble options like calcium magnesium phosphate are more suitable. In acidic soils, calcium magnesium phosphate is particularly effective because it also provides calcium and magnesium—nutrients that are often deficient in such conditions. Mixing phosphate fertilizer with well-decomposed organic manure can greatly enhance its effectiveness. A typical ratio is 1 part phosphate fertilizer to 5–10 parts organic fertilizer. The organic material should be fully matured and of high quality, rather than just ordinary compost or manure. In northern regions, farmers sometimes use wood ash when growing peanuts and soybeans. This helps maintain a balanced supply of potassium and prevents excessive depletion of soil potassium. However, when using ash, it should be mixed with other fertilizers—such as non-potash chemical fertilizers or organic manures—to avoid potential losses of nitrogen and degradation of phosphorus. In general, when the soil has moderate fertility, the base fertilizer should maintain a nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratio of about 1:2. For example, if 60 kg of P₂O₅ per hectare (about 4 kg per mu) is applied, then around 30 kg of nitrogen per hectare (about 2 kg per mu) would be appropriate. If a lot of organic fertilizer is used, the amount of mineral fertilizer can be reduced accordingly. If the base fertilizer is insufficient or the soil fertility is low, a small portion of nitrogen fertilizer can be applied during the early flowering stage. However, the amount should not be too high, as excessive nitrogen can lead to excessive vegetative growth, which is not favorable for pod development. Some soils may lack molybdenum, an essential micronutrient for nitrogen fixation. To address this, molybdenum fertilizer can be applied through seed coating or foliar spray. For seed treatment, dissolve 10–20 grams of ammonium molybdate in a small amount of warm water, then dilute with about 1 liter of water to create a 1–2% solution. This should be evenly sprayed on the seeds before planting. For foliar application during the flowering stage, mix 40–50 grams of ammonium molybdate in 100 kg of water. Apply approximately 375–450 kg of solution per hectare (or 25–30 kg per mu). Finally, when growing soybeans and peanuts on acidic soils, it's important to apply lime to improve soil pH and promote better nutrient availability.

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