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Five factors affect the rapid growth of sea otters
The cultivation of sea bream in coastal ponds along the Bohai Bay, specifically in Binzhou, has emerged as a new success story following the widespread practice of seawater shrimp farming. The Zhanhua Fisheries Bureau in Shandong Province, after conducting trials over two to three years, identified five key external factors that significantly influence the growth of sea otters. These factors are essential for optimizing production and ensuring healthy development of the species.
First, the availability of natural prey is crucial. Sea otters rely entirely on live plankton such as copepods, rotifers, Artemia, and small crustaceans. In the early stages of rearing, when the otters are small, the natural plankton in the pond is sufficient, and their feeding needs are easily met. However, once they grow to about 10 centimeters, their feeding behavior changes—becoming more nocturnal and requiring larger quantities of food. At this stage, the natural plankton supply may not be enough, so fish farmers often create specialized breeding areas for cocklepod cultures within the ponds. These areas are carefully managed with fertilization and timely harvesting to ensure a continuous supply of food. Additionally, introducing live feed like rotifers or Artemia can dramatically improve growth rates, showing the importance of maintaining a steady food source.
Second, water quality and drainage play a vital role. Maintaining "fat, live, tender, and cool" water conditions is essential for optimal growth. Regular water exchange helps replenish plankton and ensures a stable environment. Slow and controlled water inflow and outflow also help maintain water freshness, which stimulates better feeding and faster growth.
Third, maintaining the physical and chemical balance of the water is critical. Sea otters are sensitive to temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, and ammonia levels. They thrive best in temperatures between 18°C and 28°C, salinity from 18‰ to 28‰, pH between 7.5 and 8.5, and dissolved oxygen above 1.5 mg/L. Under these conditions, their metabolism increases, leading to improved feeding and rapid growth.
Fourth, salinity levels greatly affect growth rates. While sea otters can survive in salinities ranging from 12‰ to 35‰, they grow most efficiently between 18‰ and 25‰. Studies have shown that within a suitable range, lower salinity can actually enhance growth. Therefore, injecting fresh water into the ponds to reduce salinity is an effective strategy for boosting productivity.
Finally, primary productivity is a key determinant of growth. Experts have identified several factors influencing sea otter development, including light intensity, salinity, transparency, and plankton levels. Among these, primary productivity is particularly important. Low primary productivity can lead to issues like algal blooms and poor water quality, especially in the Bohai Bay region. Increasing water transparency through fresh water input helps boost primary productivity, which in turn supports a healthier and more productive ecosystem for sea otters.
By focusing on these five factors, fish farmers in Binzhou are able to achieve better yields and more sustainable aquaculture practices. This approach not only benefits the sea otters but also contributes to the overall health of the coastal ecosystem.