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Dairy milk feeding management
To ensure optimal milk production and health in dairy cows, it's essential to tailor their diet according to their lactation stage. During the early lactation period (from day 16 to 100 postpartum), which is known as the "milk rising phase," cows experience a rapid increase in milk yield. At this time, their feed should be rich in energy and nutrients. The concentrate feed should be carefully managed—approximately 20 kg of feed per day for cows producing around 10–20 kg of milk, and up to 30 kg of milk per day with 8.5–10 kg of concentrate. For high-yielding cows, such as those producing 40 kg of milk daily, feeding 10–12 kg of concentrate per day is recommended.
As the cow moves into the mid-lactation phase (from day 100 to 210 postpartum), milk production begins to stabilize and gradually decline. During this stage, the amount of concentrate can be reduced to about 6–7 kg per day, depending on the cow’s body condition and milk output. In the late lactation period, from day 210 until the end of milking, the concentrate can be adjusted more flexibly. A general guideline is to provide 1 kg of concentrate per 1 kg of milk produced.
A well-balanced concentrate formula is crucial. A commonly used reference formula includes: 48.5% corn, 25% wheat bran, 10.5% peanut meal, 10% soybean meal, 1% salt, 2% sodium bicarbonate, 2% bone meal, and 1% vitamin/mineral premix. Adding 2% sodium bicarbonate helps prevent ruminal acidosis and ketosis, especially after high-concentrate feeding.
Feeding practices should also be optimized. Increasing the number of feeding times—such as two meals per day and three milkings—can improve digestion and nutrient absorption. It's advisable to feed roughage first, followed by a small amount of ground concentrate. Additionally, setting up a free-choice feeding area in the pasture with silage or hay powder encourages natural grazing behavior and improves feed intake.
Diversifying the feed sources is important for both nutrition and palatability. In addition to traditional concentrates and roughages, root crops like potatoes, carrots, sweet potatoes, and beets, as well as by-products such as starch residue, tofu residue, molasses, and vinegar, can enhance milk yield and quality. Root feeds should be cut into moderate pieces to avoid esophageal blockage. These by-products are best used in combination and fed at a rate of 10–15 kg per cow daily.
Finally, maintaining a stable routine is key. The principle of “three stables and one quiet†means that the type, quantity, and timing of feed should remain consistent, and the environment should be calm to reduce stress and support overall well-being.