1. Basis for Choosing Hydraulic Oil

(1) Hydraulic Components. Different hydraulic components have specific requirements regarding the type of hydraulic oil they can use. When choosing hydraulic oil, it's important to ensure compatibility with the materials used in the system, including seals, paints, and coatings. The oil should provide adequate lubrication so that the components can perform as designed and meet expected performance standards.

The hydraulic pump is one of the most sensitive parts of the system, particularly when it comes to the viscosity and viscosity-temperature characteristics of the oil. As a result, the pump’s requirements often serve as a primary criterion for selecting hydraulic oil (except in servo valve systems).

(2) Operating Conditions. The higher the speed of the actuator, the pressure in the system, or the precision required, the more demanding the hydraulic oil must be in terms of wear protection and load-carrying capacity.

Considering the possible operating temperature, continuous operation time, and environmental hygiene, it's essential to pay attention to the oil's viscosity, high-temperature performance, and thermal stability to minimize sludge formation and deposits.

(3) Tank Size. Smaller tanks require hydraulic oils with better oxidation resistance, extreme pressure and anti-wear properties, air release, and filtration characteristics.

(4) Ambient Temperature. Depending on whether the system operates underground, underwater, indoors, outdoors, in cold areas, or near heat sources or open flames, an appropriate hydraulic oil must be selected. If the working environment is below 60°C and the load is light, standard hydraulic oil may suffice. However, if the equipment needs to start at very low temperatures, low-congealing hydraulic oil is necessary.

In summary, if the system has high actuator speed, the oil flow rate will be high, leading to increased hydraulic losses and reduced leakage. In such cases, lower viscosity oil is preferable. Conversely, when the oil flow is low, leakage increases, which affects the movement speed of the mechanism—so higher viscosity oil is better. Typically, high-pressure systems require high-viscosity oil, as preventing high-pressure leakage is more critical than overcoming viscosity. In low-pressure systems, low-viscosity oil is preferred. When ambient temperature is high, use higher viscosity oil; when it's low, use lower viscosity oil.

(5) Final Selection. After initial selection, it's crucial to verify the oil's source, viscosity, quality, performance characteristics, application scope, and compatibility with system materials to ensure all specifications are met.

(6) Cost-Effectiveness. A comprehensive evaluation of the oil's price, service life, system maintenance, and operational cycle is necessary. Prioritize brands that offer good economic value and long-term reliability.

2. Economic Analysis of Hydraulic Oil Selection

When selecting hydraulic oil, it's not enough to focus only on the price. Quality, maintenance, and regeneration should also be considered. For example, in high-temperature, high-pressure, or precision systems near heat sources or open flames, fire-resistant fluids like phosphate ester-based oils are recommended. Avoid using cheaper water-based fluids simply because they are less expensive, as this could lead to premature pump wear and reduced system accuracy.

Another example: in high-pressure systems, anti-wear hydraulic oil should be used. Using cheaper machinery oil or rust- and oxidation-resistant oil can shorten the life of the hydraulic pump. For instance, L-HH and L-HM oils with ISO viscosity grade VG46 were tested on the same YB-D25 vane pump (pressure: 12.5 MPa, temperature: 65°C, speed: 1500 rpm). After 250 hours of operation, the wear was 63 times greater in the L-HH oil compared to the L-HM oil. Therefore, in medium- and high-pressure systems, L-HH or L-HL oils should not be used; instead, L-HM anti-wear hydraulic oil is recommended.

For high-pressure systems operating in cold environments, low-viscosity hydraulic oil with a high viscosity index should be selected. This ensures good low-temperature fluidity, easy cold starts, and consistent performance across seasons without frequent oil changes.

High-quality anti-wear hydraulic oil offers excellent thermal and hydrolytic stability, strong emulsification ability, fast air release, and a long service life. These features improve overall system performance, making them ideal for high-performance applications.

Although high-quality hydraulic oil may cost more upfront, its longer service life, reduced component wear, easier maintenance, and improved productivity make it a cost-effective choice in the long run. Investing in the right oil can significantly enhance system efficiency and reduce downtime, offering better economic returns over time.

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