1. Consider the basis for selecting hydraulic oil

(1) Hydraulic components. Different types of hydraulic components have specific requirements regarding the type of hydraulic oil they can use. When choosing the oil, it's important to ensure compatibility with the materials used in the components, such as seals, gaskets, and coatings. The oil should provide adequate lubrication to allow the components to reach their intended design life and meet performance expectations.

The hydraulic pump is particularly sensitive to the viscosity and viscosity-temperature characteristics of the oil. Therefore, the pump’s requirements often serve as a primary consideration when selecting hydraulic oil, except in servo valve systems.

(2) Operating conditions of the system. If the system requires high actuator speed, high pressure, or precise motion control, the hydraulic oil must have strong wear resistance and load-carrying capabilities. It's also essential to consider the operating temperature, duration of continuous operation, and environmental hygiene. The oil’s viscosity, thermal stability, and resistance to sludge formation should be carefully evaluated to ensure long-term performance.

(3) Tank size. Smaller reservoirs place higher demands on the oil’s oxidation resistance, extreme pressure properties, air release characteristics, and filterability. This is because smaller tanks tend to heat up more quickly and are less able to dilute contaminants.

(4) Ambient temperature. In environments like underground areas, water, indoor spaces, or outdoor locations with fluctuating temperatures, it's important to choose an oil that suits the ambient conditions. For example, if the working temperature is below 60°C and the load is light, standard hydraulic oil may suffice. However, if the equipment needs to start at very low temperatures, low-temperature hydraulic oil should be used to ensure proper flow and function.

In summary, when the system actuator moves quickly and the oil flows at a high rate, lower viscosity oil is preferred to reduce hydraulic losses and leakage. Conversely, when the oil flow is low, higher viscosity oil is better to prevent excessive leakage and maintain movement accuracy. High-pressure systems typically require high-viscosity oil to manage pressure-related leakage, while low-pressure systems benefit from lower viscosity oil. In hot environments, higher viscosity oil is recommended, and in cold conditions, lower viscosity oil is preferable.

(5) Final selection of hydraulic oil. After the initial selection, it's essential to verify the oil’s source, viscosity, quality, application range, and compatibility with the system and component materials. Ensure all specifications meet the system’s requirements before finalizing the choice.

(6) Cost-effectiveness. A comprehensive evaluation of the oil’s price, service life, maintenance needs, and overall operational efficiency is necessary. Prioritize oils that offer the best economic return without compromising performance.

2. Economic analysis of selecting hydraulic oil

When choosing hydraulic oil, it's not just about the price but also about the oil’s type, quality, maintenance, and regeneration potential. For example, in high-temperature or high-pressure systems near heat sources or open flames, fire-resistant fluids like phosphate ester-based oils are recommended. Avoid using cheaper, water-based fluids that may cause premature pump wear and reduced system accuracy.

In high-pressure systems, anti-wear hydraulic oils are essential. Using low-cost machine oil or rust-inhibiting oil could significantly shorten the pump’s lifespan. For instance, in a YB-D25 vane pump operating at 12.5 MPa, 65°C, and 1500 rpm, tests showed that L-HH oil caused 63 times more wear than L-HM oil after 250 hours of operation. Thus, in medium and high-pressure systems, L-HM anti-wear oil should always be used instead of L-HH or L-HL oils.

For high-pressure systems in cold climates, low-viscosity hydraulic oil with a high viscosity index is ideal. This ensures good low-temperature flow, easy cold starts, and consistent performance across seasons without frequent oil changes.

High-quality anti-wear hydraulic oil offers excellent thermal and hydrolytic stability, fast air release, and a longer service life. These benefits improve system performance and reduce maintenance costs. Although high-quality oil may cost more upfront, its long service life and reduced component wear make it more economical in the long run.

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