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How to prevent heat damage in high temperature vegetables
High temperatures can significantly harm the growth and development of vegetables, often leading to slow plant growth, abnormal flower bud formation, poor pollination and fertilization, excessive flower and fruit drop, and an increase in deformed fruits. To mitigate these effects, the following effective measures are recommended:
First, select heat- and disease-resistant varieties. Choose vegetable types that are well-suited for your local climate and conditions, ensuring they can withstand high temperatures without compromising yield or quality.
Second, improve cultivation techniques. Proper planting density can help shade the plants, reducing direct sun exposure. Intercropping with tall crops such as maize or beans can provide natural shade for vegetables. When pruning tomatoes during summer, leave 2–3 leaves on the top of the plant to protect the fruit from sun damage. After sowing melon seeds, covering the soil with grass or mulch helps prevent sunburn and reduces fruit rot.
Third, use well water for cooling. Timely irrigation not only improves the field's microclimate but also lowers the temperature by 1–3°C, protecting sensitive parts like flowers and leaves from heat stress. After a midday "heat wave," using well water to cool the soil can improve air circulation around the roots, boost root activity, and prevent seedling damage.
Fourth, apply foliar sprays. Solutions such as potassium dihydrogen phosphate, superphosphate, and ash leach can be sprayed multiple times to help cool and humidify the environment while supplying essential nutrients. Be sure to reduce spray concentration and increase water volume. For example, spraying sweet peppers with a 30 ppm solution of p-chlorophenoxyacetic acid can help control flower drop caused by heat. Tomato plants treated with B9 (2000–3000 mg/kg) and 0.1% copper sulfate solution show improved heat resistance and better fruit quality. Applying 2.4-D to the flowers can also help prevent fruit drop and promote ovary development.
Fifth, create artificial shade. Constructing simple shade structures using branches or straw can lower temperatures by 3–4°C. In plastic greenhouses, shading nets used during hot seasons can reduce temperatures by 4–6°C and protect crops from heavy rain and sun damage.
By implementing these strategies, farmers can effectively manage the challenges posed by high temperatures and ensure healthier, more productive vegetable crops.