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How to prevent heat damage in high temperature vegetables
High temperatures can severely affect the growth and development of vegetables, often leading to symptoms such as stunted plant growth, irregular flower bud formation, poor pollination and fertilization, excessive flower and fruit drop, and an increase in deformed fruits. To mitigate these issues, the following effective measures are recommended:
First, select heat-tolerant and disease-resistant varieties. Based on local climate conditions, choose vegetable types that are well-suited for high-temperature environments. This helps reduce the risk of heat stress from the start.
Second, optimize cultivation practices. Proper planting density can help plants shade each other, reducing direct sunlight exposure. Intercropping with tall crops like maize or beans can also provide natural shade for more sensitive vegetables. For example, when pruning tomatoes during summer, leave 2–3 leaves at the top to protect the fruit clusters from sunburn. After planting melons, covering the soil with grass or mulch can prevent sunscald and reduce fruit rot.
Third, use well water for cooling. Timely irrigation not only improves the microclimate but also lowers field temperatures by 1–3°C, protecting sensitive parts like flowers and leaves. After a hot afternoon, watering with well water can refresh the soil, improve air circulation, and support root health, preventing seedling damage.
Fourth, apply foliar sprays to enhance resilience. Solutions like potassium dihydrogen phosphate, superphosphate, or wood ash leachate can be sprayed multiple times to cool and humidify the environment while supplying essential nutrients. It’s important to dilute the solution and increase water volume to avoid leaf burn. For instance, sweet peppers treated with a 30 ppm p-chlorophenoxyacetic acid solution can reduce flower drop caused by heat. Tomatoes sprayed with a 2000–3000 mg/kg B9 solution and 0.1% copper sulfate can improve heat tolerance and fruit quality. Applying 2.4-D solutions can also help prevent fruit drop and promote ovary development.
Fifth, install artificial shading. Simple shade structures made from branches or straw can lower temperatures by 3–4°C. In plastic greenhouses, using shade nets during summer and autumn can reduce temperatures by 4–6°C, protecting crops from both heat and heavy rain.
By implementing these strategies, farmers can significantly reduce the negative impact of high temperatures on vegetable crops, ensuring better yields and quality.