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Low-nitrogen, high-density and high-yield cultivation techniques for rapeseed
In order to improve the growth of rapeseed and increase yield, a series of scientific agricultural techniques should be applied. These include precise seedling transplanting, ultra-diluted sowing, strong seedling cultivation, and the implementation of the "five-two-division two-point" supporting measures.
1. **Seedling Transplanting and Preparation**
- **Soil Preparation**: Select a sunny, wind-shielded area with fertile, sandy loam soil that has not previously been used for cruciferous crops. The soil should be fine, without large clods, and easy to manage.
- **Bed Formation**: Create beds with a width of 134–150 cm, grooves 30 cm wide, and ditches 25–30 cm deep.
- **Grid Sowing and Seedling Management**: Prepare a grid system with 12x12 cm spacing. Place 1–2 seeds in each cell and cover them lightly with ash or sieved slag. Ensure proper drainage and moisture control.
- **Thinning and Pest Control**: When the plants have 1–2 leaves, thin out weak seedlings, leaving only one strong plant per square meter. Apply pest control measures and manage water and fertilizer. This process should be repeated 3 times, with 1–2 pesticide applications. Transplanting should occur 25–30 days after sowing.
- **Paclobutrazol Application**: Spray paclobutrazol when the plants have three leaves to control height, enhance leaf area, and boost yield. Use 150–200 grams per acre, mixed with 60 kg of solution for foliar application.
2. **High-Density Planting**
For varieties like Nakata and Ueda, planting distances should be set at 20 cm x 40 cm and 20 cm x 44 cm respectively. Use the double-row equidistant transplant method to achieve a density of 1.4–1.6 million plants per acre. During transplanting, remove tall, crooked, diseased, or weak seedlings. Apply root fertilizer and water during planting to ensure uniform growth.
When planting in double rows, each seedling must be placed separately. Maintain a spacing of 10–15 cm between plants. Avoid overlapping seedlings, as this can lead to lodging and reduce yield.
3. **Fertilizer Adjustment for Scientific Application**
Nitrogen fertilizer should be applied before December, and no more should be used after that. Adopt the "bottom foot, stable seedlings, attack disk, and supplement" approach:
- **Bottom Foot Fertilization**: Apply 70% of total fertilizer, including organic manure (1,500 kg), 3.4 kg Pâ‚‚Oâ‚…, 6.8 kg Kâ‚‚O, and 3.4 kg N per mu.
- **Open Fertilization**: Apply 28% of the total, which includes 2.2 kg N, 1.4 kg Pâ‚‚Oâ‚…, and 2.7 kg Kâ‚‚O per mu.
- **Stable Seedling Fertilization**: Apply 2%, which includes 0.15 kg N, 0.1 kg Pâ‚‚Oâ‚…, and 0.19 kg Kâ‚‚O per mu.
These fertilizers should be applied before the end of the year.
The "supplement" phase involves micro-fertilizers. At the early flowering stage, spray 0.1% boron solution and 0.1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution. Repeat once at the end of the flowering period, using 60 kg of solution per mu to promote full grain filling and increase yield.
4. **Enhanced Field Management**
During the seedling stage, focus on drainage, pest control (e.g., aphids, cabbage caterpillars, downy mildew), and weed management through either manual weeding or chemical methods. In the middle and late stages, emphasize disease resistance by removing infected plants and improving air circulation. Use carbendazim or similar pesticides to control sclerotinia. After flowering, manage drought by watering appropriately and applying a solution of 0.5 kg urea and 0.1 kg potassium dihydrogen phosphate in 100 kg of water to prevent premature aging and improve crop quality.