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Summarization on Feeding Technology of White Shrimp Cultured in South America
First, the choice of bait is crucial for shrimp farming. South American white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) have lower protein requirements compared to other species like Chinese shrimp (40-50%), Japanese shrimp (50-65%), and Penaeus prawns (35-40%). The protein content in their diet should vary depending on their size: 35% for shrimp measuring 2.0–4.5 cm, 25% for those between 4.5–9.0 cm, and 20% for shrimp over 9.0 cm. Selecting the right bait not only helps reduce feed costs but also ensures better growth and economic returns. Moreover, controlling protein levels can help manage ammonia nitrogen levels, which is essential for maintaining good water quality.
In the early stages of culture, when natural food sources are abundant, feeding may be unnecessary. As these resources get depleted, high-quality feeds with higher protein content—such as live, pathogen-free organisms, homemade starter feeds, or commercially processed baits—should be introduced. During the middle and late stages, specialized feeds tailored to the shrimp’s protein needs are recommended. These can also be prepared at home using fresh ingredients. High-quality compound feeds are formulated to meet the nutritional demands of shrimp while being suitable for pond environments. They are easy to store, process, and feed, making them a popular choice among farmers, especially during disease outbreaks when the use of fresh food is reduced. However, once the disease period has passed and shrimp are nearing harvest, introducing some live food based on local availability can help reduce environmental stress, boost growth, and enhance the shrimp’s appearance, potentially saving on feed costs.
Second, determining the appropriate amount of bait is essential. The number of feedings per day depends on the shrimp's feeding habits. Since white shrimp are most active during dawn and dusk, it is recommended to feed them two to three times daily, with 40% of the daily ration given during the day and 60% at night. Increasing the frequency of feedings can improve the efficiency of synthetic amino acids and carbohydrates.
The daily feeding amount is influenced by multiple factors, including weather conditions, shrimp density, growth stage, presence of natural food, water quality, and health status. Therefore, feeding amounts should be adjusted based on regular measurements of shrimp growth, feeding behavior, and bait consumption. Under normal conditions, a satiety rate of around 80% is ideal. To assess if the feeding amount is appropriate, it should be checked every 7–10 days. Shrimp feeding patterns can also change based on temperature, weather, and overall health. After setting a feeding rate, it should be verified to ensure it is adequate. Two or three bait stations should be placed around the pond. If, after feeding, no leftover bait remains within 1.5 hours and 80% of the shrimp have full stomachs, the feeding amount is considered appropriate. It is important to place the bait platforms at the bottom of the pond, as otherwise, it would be difficult to determine whether the shrimp have actually consumed the food. For example, if the bait is quickly eaten from the surface but still appears at the bottom, it may indicate poor bottom conditions, causing the shrimp to avoid feeding there.
Third, feeding methods play a key role in successful shrimp farming. When the shrimp are young, it is best to spread the feed evenly throughout the pond. Once they reach 3 cm in length, the feed should be distributed evenly across the pond. The feeding machine should be turned off for an hour to prevent bait from accumulating in the center, which can lead to waste. Shrimp also have specific feeding behaviors; they may avoid new types of food if they are accustomed to certain ones. Therefore, when switching feeds, it should be done gradually to avoid waste and growth issues. Proper feeding management involves ensuring that shrimp are well-fed while also considering the environment and cost-effectiveness. The following guidelines should be followed:
1. Feed less during hot daylight hours, both in the evening and before dawn.
2. If more than 30% of shrimp have empty stomachs after 1.5 hours, it means the feeding was adequate.
3. Reduce feeding when water temperatures are below 15°C or above 32°C.
4. Feed more on sunny days and less or not at all during heavy storms or cold fronts (temperatures dropping below 5°C).
5. Feed less on the day of molting and increase feeding by one day after molting.
6. Increase feeding in ponds with high competition from other organisms.
7. Feed more when water quality is good and less when it deteriorates.
8. If natural food is sufficient, reduce feeding accordingly.