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Summarization on Feeding Technology of White Shrimp Cultured in South America
Shrimp farming requires careful consideration of several factors, including the type and amount of feed used. One important factor is the protein content of the bait. For example, South American white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) have lower protein requirements compared to other species such as Chinese shrimp (40-50%), Japanese shrimp (50-65%), and Penaeus prawns (35-40%). This means that using a bait with a lower protein content can help reduce costs while still supporting healthy growth.
Additionally, the protein needs of L. vannamei vary depending on their size. Shrimp measuring 2.0–4.5 cm require about 35% protein in their diet, those between 4.5–9.0 cm need around 25%, and those over 9.0 cm should be fed a diet containing about 20% protein. By matching the protein level to the shrimp's developmental stage, farmers can optimize growth and improve economic returns. Proper protein management also helps control ammonia nitrogen levels, which is crucial for maintaining good water quality.
In the early stages of culture, when natural food sources are abundant, feeding may not be necessary. However, as these resources are depleted, it’s important to introduce high-quality feeds, such as live, pathogen-free organisms, homemade juvenile feeds, or commercially processed baits. These options provide balanced nutrition and are easier to manage. During the middle and late stages, specialized feeds with appropriate protein levels should be used. Farmers can even create custom diets based on local ingredients and fresh materials.
High-quality compound feeds are widely preferred by farmers due to their nutritional balance and ease of use. They are designed to meet the specific needs of shrimp while being stable and easy to store. In areas where disease outbreaks occur, the use of fresh food is often reduced. However, during the later stages of culture, when disease pressure decreases and shrimp are nearing harvest, introducing some live feed can help reduce environmental stress, enhance shrimp growth, and improve appearance, potentially lowering feed costs.
Determining the right amount of feed is essential for successful shrimp farming. The number of feedings per day depends on the shrimp’s feeding habits. Since they tend to be more active at dawn and dusk, it’s recommended to feed them two to three times a day, with 40% of the daily ration given during the day and 60% at night. Increasing the frequency of feedings can improve the utilization of amino acids and carbohydrates, leading to better growth.
The daily feeding amount must account for various factors, such as weather, shrimp density, growth stage, existing food sources, water quality, and health status. Regular monitoring of shrimp growth, feeding behavior, and leftover bait is essential. Ideally, shrimp should reach an 80% satiation rate. To ensure proper feeding, bait stations should be placed at the bottom of the pond, and after feeding, the shrimp should be checked to see if all the bait has been consumed within 1.5 hours and whether 80% of them have full stomachs.
Finally, the feeding method plays a key role in efficient shrimp farming. Seedlings should be distributed evenly throughout the pond to prevent wastage. Once shrimp grow to about 3 cm, the feeding machine should be turned off for an hour to avoid concentrating bait in one area. L. vannamei has unique feeding behaviors and may avoid new foods if they are suddenly introduced. Therefore, any changes in feed should be gradual to prevent waste and maintain growth.
Feeding practices should also consider environmental conditions. For instance, feed less during hot midday hours, and adjust feeding based on temperature, weather, molting periods, and water quality. If the water is clear and the shrimp are healthy, more feed can be given. Conversely, if the water quality deteriorates, feeding should be reduced. By following these guidelines, farmers can ensure optimal growth while maintaining a healthy aquatic environment.