Knowledge of silage

Silage raw materials are very extensive, non-toxic harmless green plants can be silage. According to the amount of sugar in the raw material, the silage plants can be divided into three types: easy silage, difficult silage and non-silage. Corn is an easy-to-enriched plant with a high sugar content. When it is only 65-70% of its sugar content, it is sufficient for single storage to produce lactic acid, because it contains excessive sugar and can be mixed with plants that are difficult to silage; Alfalfa, leguminous plants, wild grasses, sweet potato vines are not easily silage plants; all kinds of old, dry plant stalks can not be classified as silage. Which kind of raw material is used for silage is very critical, and the most commonly used is feed corn. Feed corn is divided into two categories according to the variety: silage-specific silage corn for the whole plant silage, and grain-feeding dual-use corn with good green keeping of straw and high feed value. Especially for silage corn, it not only has a certain amount of seed, but also has abundant nutrients and high biological output. It is the first choice for silage. Followed by both grain and feed corn, the content of sugar, crude protein and other nutrients is relatively low, while the content of lignin and crude fiber is relatively high. The overall nutritional value after silage is much lower than silage corn.

Why do you make silage?

Feeding silage is one of the basic feeds necessary for the development of herbivorous livestock and is also the most economical feed. In particular, in recent years, with the acceleration of the industrialization of animal husbandry (milk cows, beef cattle, dairy farming, and mutton sheep) in the agricultural and semi-agricultural areas in China, only in this way can we effectively solve the issue of excessive stalks returning to the abdomen and the agricultural-pastoral zone. The issue of food and feedstuffs and competition for land, as well as the implementation of the conservation of cattle and sheep, the reduction of overgrazing, degradation of grassland, and other ecological problems have made it more and more important to develop silage.

After silage corn stalks are processed, brewed and siled, they can soften the coarse and old stalks, maintain green and juicy for a long time, have rich nutrition, have obvious sweet and sour aromatic odor, and greatly improve the palatability of livestock. Especially in the dry season, livestock can eat succulent green feed and naturally increase feed intake. At the same time, silage can preserve nutrients in the feed to the maximum extent, generally only 3-10% of nutrients of straw raw materials are lost, especially the loss of crude protein and carotene is less, thus improving the nutritional value and digestion and absorption rate of feed. While dried feed can lose 30-50% of nutrients, almost all of the vitamins in raw materials are lost. In summer, it is rainy, susceptible to mildew, and difficult to store. The crude protein of silage was about twice as high as that of air-dried corn stover, crude fat was about 4 times higher and crude fiber was 7.5% lower. Rich in nutrition, long storage time, not subject to seasonal restrictions, can be fed at any time.

The use of silage all the year round. First, the stable balance of feed and nutrient supply throughout the year, can significantly increase the output of livestock products, significantly improve the quality of the product, while greatly reducing the cost of feed and increase the efficiency of aquaculture; Second, high yield of silage corn, improved Land utilization increases the economic benefits of planting. The use of the whole plant can double the harvest index. One hectare of silage corn feed unit is equal to two hectares of ordinary corn, so that the unit area of ​​biological production, nutrition, energy has been greatly improved.

In developed countries such as Europe and the United States, especially in dairy cattle, beef cattle, dairy sheep and mutton sheep production areas, a large number of dedicated silage corn are planted and processed into silage by silage. The EU countries plant more than 4 million hectares of silage corn each year, accounting for about 80% of the corn area. At present, the application of silage corn in China is mainly corn silage silage and yellow storage, the level of mechanization is not high, the waste caused during the harvesting and production process is serious, the promotion is slow, and the situation is not suited to the rapid development of herbivorous livestock, the whole plant The amount of silage corn is still small.

How to make silage

First, the principle of silage

Appropriate moisture content (60-70%) of the raw materials in an isolated closed container (pit, towers, pools, plastic bags, etc.), or directly stacked on the ground for silage, so that lactic acid bacteria in anaerobic, sufficient moisture With a certain amount of soluble sugar (requiring 7-10% of dry matter) under conditions of mass reproduction, decomposing sugars to produce lactic acid, and making the pH of storage material continuously decrease to 3.8-4.2, the activity of all microorganisms including lactic acid bacteria itself is It is limited to achieve long-term preservation of feed. The whole process can be divided into four stages: noble activity stage, lactic acid fermentation stage, silage completion preservation stage and secondary fermentation stage after silage silos.

Second, the silage method

Silage generally has cellar storage, storage, storage, storage, storage and storage. Each method requires strict closure, compaction, airtightness, and watertightness to maintain moisture and anaerobic conditions. The production should be based on the actual situation (such as the scale of cultivation, feeding level, groundwater level, soil conditions, housing conditions, site conditions, etc.) to select their own silage methods, to minimize the secondary fermentation that occurs after the start of cellar utilization, to avoid Cause unnecessary losses and waste. The whole plant silage can store 500-550 kilograms per cubic meter, and the eared corn stalk silage can store 450-500 kilograms per cubic meter.

1. Silage: Permanent squeaky (Structure is large in mouth and small in bottom, which facilitates compaction) to ensure sealing performance and silage effect. The advantage is that it is convenient for manual or machine loading and compaction, and can be taken from one end. There are two kinds of silage underground and semi-subterranean type, in practice more underground type, with a rectangular silage is better. It is best to use masonry.

2, silo: silo is also divided into underground and semi-underground two. It is generally made of masonry with large and small shapes, generally 1.5-2.0 in width (2.0 meters in the upper mouth and 1.7 meters in the lower base) and 2.5-3.0 meters in depth. The length depends on the quantity of raw materials and the scale of breeding.

3, silage tower: that is built with brick and cement round tower. It is 12-14 meters high and 3.5-6 meters in diameter. A 0.6m 0.6m window is left every 2m on one side to accommodate the feed. After the feed is filled, the juice is squeezed by the weight of the feed during the fermentation process, and the juice sinks toward the bottom of the tower. To discharge the juice, there must be a draining device at the bottom.

4, silage bags: Plastic bags silage selection of 80 cm wide and 100 cm, thickness of 0.8 mm - 1.0 mm plastic film, made by the pressure of about 2 meters long bag. Generally about 150 kg of raw materials are loaded to facilitate transportation and feeding. Note: This method should pay special attention to the moisture content of the raw material (65%).

Three, silage points

1. The moisture content of silage raw materials must be controlled at 60-70%;

2, must be compacted, tightly sealed, airtight, watertight;

3, the process of making silage must be short. That is, before the harvest, we must scientifically arrange personnel, machinery (harvesting, transportation, smashing, compaction, etc.) and other related matters, make silage in as short a time as possible, store the pits full, compact and seal.

Fourth, production technology

The corn stalk used for silage should be green or yellow-green, and silage corn with whole plant harvested best during the late milking period to the waxy ripening period. The long cutting length of processed silage corn will affect the quality and utilization rate of silage. If it is too short, it will increase the processing cost. In terms of production, straws are processed into filaments using a straw kneading machine; the second is the use of a multi-functional pulverizer to smash into filaments or flakes, and silages can also be made after cutting them short.

Silage materials should be loaded while being crushed, and 10-20 cm thick dry straw or hay can be placed on the bottom to absorb silage juice. Filling should be carried out layer by layer, each layer about 15-30 cm thick, layer by layer compaction. The final packing should be 60 cm above the cellar or the top of the pool. It should be rounded and immediately closed strictly. It should be covered with a layer of plastic film. Finally, it should be covered with mud or silt of about 40-50 cm. . In the later period, it is necessary to check the groundwork, and if it is damaged, it should be repaired immediately to avoid adverse fermentation affecting the quality of silage. Pay attention to rodent and bird pests.

Here are two commonly used silage methods - cellar storage and storage

First, cellar (壕) storage

1, the choice of address

The silo (壕) should be selected where the terrain is high, sunny, dry, and has a solid soil. Avoid digging under the shade or under shade, and avoid traffic crossings, feces, garbage dumps, etc. at the same time. It is also required to be closer to the livestock house and there must be a certain open space around it to facilitate the transportation of raw materials.

2, shape and size

The shape and size of silo are determined according to the topography, storage capacity, the number of grasses needed per day, and the power of the hoeing equipment. For example, the high efficiency of sedge equipment and the large amount of grass per day, the use of a rectangular cellar (壕) is preferred, generally 1.5-4.0 meters wide (upper mouth slightly larger, lower mouth slightly smaller), 2.5-3.0 meters deep ( According to the local groundwater level, the length depends on the amount of raw materials and the scale of cultivation. If the number of livestock is not large, the amount of grass needed is small every day, and the efficiency of the hoe equipment is not too high, a small garden can be used. Generally 2 meters in diameter, 3 meters deep, this cellar can accommodate about 5000 kilograms.

3, attention when digging

The silo should be dug 1-2 days before silage. If you use old cellars, you should clean and fill up beforehand. Whether it is a new cellar or an old cellar, the walls of the cellar should be smooth and straight. It is better to apply light or make up plastic film on all four walls. The walls are not smooth and easy to hide, causing raw materials to be rotten. The bottom of the pit has a bottom shape with a groundwater level of 50 cm or more. The corners are slippery.

Second, the production process:

1. Preparation: One week before raw material preparation is entered into the pit, a strict inspection, refurbishment and disinfection work must be performed on the pit. Disinfectant is generally disinfected with cresol soap or lime water inside and outside the pit to reduce germs.

2. Harvesting in time: High-quality silage materials are the material basis for the treatment of excellent silage. The nutritional value of silage, in addition to the type and variety of raw materials, is also directly affected by the harvest period. Timely harvesting can achieve higher yields and superior nutritional value (be careful to keep the plants fresh and clean, exposing the sun and stacking heat). Taking corn as an example: Generally, corn is harvested from the late milking stage to the early stage of wax ripening, and the moisture content should be controlled at 65% - 75% for the benefit. If the moisture content is too high, short-time drying should be performed before chopping to remove excess moisture.

3. Cut short: Corn stalks are transported to the silage site immediately after harvest. Shred with a chopping machine, length of about 2 to 4 cm. The purpose of shortening is to facilitate packing and compaction, resulting in an anaerobic environment; easy access. In addition, it can quickly discharge part of the juice, which is beneficial to the fermentation of lactic acid bacteria.

4. Filling: Before the filling, the bottom of the pit is caught with 20 cm thick mat grass, and then the shredded raw material is quickly loaded into the pit. The loading should be carried out layer by layer. When each layer is loaded to 15 to 20 cm thick, it can be compacted. In particular, pay attention to the edges and corners of the pit. The more compacted, the easier it is to create an anaerobic environment and the more conducive to the activity and reproduction of lactic acid bacteria. After the degree of compaction is completed by fermentation, the sinking of the feed should not exceed 10% of the depth of the pit. The sooner the filling is completed, the better, and the time for microbiological aerobic activity in the silage process should be shortened as much as possible. If you cannot fill the whole cellar on that day or once, you can immediately cover the raw materials in the cellar with a layer of plastic film and continue to store it the next day. The general cellar should also be completed within 2 to 3 days.

5. Sealing pits: Strictly sealing pits to prevent air leaks is an important part of the modulation of fine silage. The cellar seal is not good enough to enter the air or water, and it is beneficial to the proliferation of molds and other spoilage bacteria, making the silage worse. When the corn silage is over 60 cm above the pit, it can be capped. When the roof is capped, it should be covered with a layer of chopped straw or soft grass (20-30 cm thick), covered with plastic film, and then covered with soil to make solid, about 30-50 cm thick, and made of bread-head type to facilitate drainage.

6. Management: After the silo is sealed, to prevent infiltration of rainwater, trenches should be drained about 1m away from the pit. Should be frequently checked later, when there is a crack in the pit, it should be compacted in time to prevent leakage and water leakage. After entering the lactic acid fermentation stage 5-6 days after storage, the silage is dehydrated and softened. When the seal is collapsed or collapsed, it should be replenished promptly to prevent leakage of water. After 10 days, the sinking is generally stopped, and the earth can be made 30 to 40 centimeters above the ground in the pit, making it a bun.

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