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Physiological characteristics of corn
Corn thrives in warm conditions, with the ideal temperature for seed germination ranging from 25 to 30°C. During the jointing stage, a daily average temperature of at least 18°C is necessary, and higher temperatures can accelerate growth. From tasseling to flowering, the optimal daily average temperature is between 26 and 27°C. For grain filling and maturation, maintaining a temperature of 20 to 24°C is crucial to support nutrient accumulation. If temperatures fall below 16°C or rise above 25°C, amylase activity can be impaired, leading to poor grain development.
Maize varieties are typically categorized into early, medium, and late-maturing types, each requiring different accumulated temperatures. Early varieties need around 2000–2300°C, medium ones require 2300–2500°C, and late-maturing types need 2500–2800°C to complete their growth cycle.
Corn is classified as a short-day plant, meaning it responds to day length. When exposed to less than 12 hours of sunlight per day, the plant grows more compactly, tassels earlier, and matures faster. In contrast, under long-day conditions, the plants tend to grow taller with more foliage, but their development slows down, flowering is delayed, and in some cases, ears may not form properly. Early-maturing varieties are generally less sensitive to light duration, while late-maturing types are more responsive.
Photosynthesis in corn follows the C4 pathway, making it highly efficient in utilizing strong light and still capable of performing photosynthesis under low light and low COâ‚‚ conditions. This adaptability helps corn thrive in various environments.
In terms of soil requirements, corn can grow in sandy, loamy, and clay soils. The ideal pH range is between 5 and 8, with the most favorable being 6.5 to 7.0. However, corn has a weak tolerance for saline and alkaline conditions, particularly when chloride ions are present, which can negatively affect its growth and yield.