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Annual cultivation technology of pure sesame oil and wheat dish
The pure sesame oil developed by the Vegetable Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences has been cultivated in Chuanshan Township, Qixing District, for over three years. Known for its crisp texture, high quality, and premium price, this variety has gained popularity among both farmers and consumers.
1. **Variety Characteristics**
This sesame variety typically grows to a height of 30–40 cm, with a spread of 20–30 cm. The leaves are lance-shaped, measuring about 40 cm in length and 6–10 cm in width. They are green and smooth, with strong cold and heat tolerance, as well as resistance to bolting. It is adaptable and can be grown both outdoors and under protected conditions. For optimal growth, it is recommended to use 30–40 grams per mu (approx. 667 square meters).
2. **Cultivation Techniques**
2.1 **Early Spring Sowing**
Sow seeds in greenhouses between January and March. Prepare raised beds with ditches, deeply plow the soil, and water the base before sowing. Spread the seeds evenly, cover with soil, and then apply a double layer of plastic film. Germination usually occurs within 10–15 days. Once seedlings emerge, remove the film gradually and ventilate. During the day, protect seedlings from high temperatures, and at night, prevent frost damage.
2.2 **Summer Sowing**
From April to June, sow seeds directly in open fields. Choose high-quality seeds, prepare 2-meter-wide furrows, and add mature compost. Soak the seeds for 3 hours, then air dry before sowing. Water the nursery bed thoroughly, spread the seeds on the surface, and cover lightly. In hot or dry weather, use shade nets to protect the seedlings. Ensure proper watering and fertilization without overwatering.
2.3 **Autumn Sowing**
Between July and September, soak seeds in gauze for 3–4 hours, then place them in a refrigerator’s freezer for 10–15 hours to promote germination. About 75% of the seeds will sprout and can be sown. It's best to use small sheds or greenhouses for autumn planting. After germination, monitor soil moisture carefully, avoid over-wetting, and remove weeds promptly to ensure good drainage.
2.4 **Autumn and Winter Sowing**
In October, direct seeding can be done outdoors. From November to December, transplant seedlings into greenhouses using the same method as early spring sowing. This allows for a harvest within 30 days.
3. **Transplanting**
Before planting, apply a base fertilizer of 3,000 kg of decomposed manure and 80–100 kg of ammonium bicarbonate per mu. Create evenly spaced furrows and plant seedlings with 4–5 leaves, spacing them 10–15 cm apart. Use flat ridge cultivation for better drainage.
3.1 **Winter Sowing in Greenhouses**
After transplanting, cover with plastic film. The crop can be harvested in approximately 30 days, with an average yield of 1,500–18,000 kg per mu.
3.2 **Spring Sowing Transplanting**
Ensure sufficient nutrients by applying 80 kg of ammonium carbonate per mu. Water thoroughly after planting. In case of drought, increase irrigation and fertilizer. Harvest in 25–30 days, yielding 1,800–2,000 kg per mu.
3.3 **Autumn Sowing Transplanting**
During July–September, when temperatures are high and rains are frequent, transplant seedlings and water immediately. Cover with shade nets for 5–7 days. If rainy, remove the net. Maintain moderate watering and fertilization to support healthy growth. The crop can be harvested in 20–30 days, with a yield of 1,600–1,800 kg per mu.
3.4 **Autumn and Winter Sowing**
Transplant in open fields from October to November. In December, when temperatures drop, move seedlings to greenhouses. Harvest in 25–30 days, with an average yield of 1,500 kg per mu.
4. **Pest and Disease Control**
Common diseases include downy mildew, which is more prevalent in early spring. This can be controlled using carbendazim or similar fungicides. Pests such as locusts can be managed with scorpion spirits or other effective insecticides.
5. **Harvesting**
Pure sesame oil is typically ready for harvest 20–30 days after planting. Additional harvests can be made at any time depending on market demand, provided there are more than ten leaves available.