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Annual cultivation technology of pure sesame oil and wheat dish
The pure sesame oil developed by the Vegetable Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences has been cultivated in Chuanshan Township, Qixing District, for over three years. Known for its crisp texture, superior quality, and high market value, this variety has gained popularity among both farmers and consumers.
1. **Variety Characteristics**
This sesame variety typically grows to a height of 30–40 cm, with a spread of 20–30 cm. The leaves are lance-shaped, measuring approximately 40 cm in length and 6–10 cm in width, with a smooth, green surface. It exhibits strong cold and heat resistance, as well as resistance to bolting, making it adaptable for year-round cultivation, either in open fields or under protected environments. For optimal growth, the recommended seed rate is 30–40 grams per mu (approximately 667 square meters).
2. **Cultivation Techniques**
2.1 **Early Spring Sowing**
Sow seeds in greenhouses from January to March. Prepare raised beds with two ridges and one ditch, ensuring deep plowing and proper drainage. Water the bed thoroughly before sowing, then evenly distribute the seeds and cover them with a thin layer of soil. Cover with double layers of plastic film to maintain warmth and moisture. Germination usually occurs within 10–15 days. Once the seedlings emerge, remove the film gradually, ensuring proper ventilation during the day and protection from frost at night.
2.2 **Summer Sowing**
From April to June, sow directly in the open field. Select high-quality seeds, prepare beds with 2-meter-wide ditches, and enrich the soil with well-rotted compost. Soak the seeds for 3 hours, then air dry before sowing. Water the nursery bed thoroughly, scatter the seeds on the surface, and cover them lightly with soil. In hot and dry conditions, use shade nets to protect the seedlings. Maintain moderate moisture and avoid excessive dryness.
2.3 **Autumn Sowing**
Between July and September, soak the seeds in water for 3–4 hours, then place them in a refrigerator’s freezer for 10–15 hours to enhance germination. About 75% of the seeds will sprout. It is best to use small sheds or greenhouses for autumn sowing to control moisture after germination. Avoid overwatering and remove weeds regularly to ensure good drainage.
2.4 **Autumn-Winter Sowing**
In October, direct seeding can be done in open fields. From November to December, transplant seedlings into greenhouses using the same method as early spring sowing. This approach helps maintain stable growing conditions during colder months.
3. **Transplanting**
Before planting, apply a base fertilizer of 3,000 kg of well-rotted manure and 80–100 kg of ammonium bicarbonate per mu. Prepare the field by creating 2-meter-wide ditches and deep trenches. Transplant seedlings when they have 4–5 leaves, spacing them 10–15 cm apart in flat ridges.
3.1 **Winter Sowing in Greenhouses**
Greenhouse-grown seedlings can be harvested in about 30 days, yielding 1,500–18,000 kg per mu.
3.2 **Spring Sowing Transplanting**
Apply 80 kg of ammonium carbonate per mu after planting, and water thoroughly. In case of drought, provide additional irrigation and nutrients. Harvest in 25–30 days, with an average yield of 1,800–2,000 kg per mu.
3.3 **Autumn Sowing Transplanting**
During the hot and rainy season, transplant seedlings and water immediately. Cover with shade nets for 5–7 days, removing them once the weather clears. Apply moderate fertilization and watering to promote healthy growth. Harvest in 20–30 days, with a typical yield of 1,600–1,800 kg per mu.
3.4 **Autumn-Winter Sowing**
Transplant in open fields from October to November, but move to greenhouses in December if temperatures drop. Harvest in 25–30 days, with a yield of approximately 1,500 kg per mu.
4. **Pest and Disease Control**
Common diseases include downy mildew, which is most prevalent in early spring. It can be managed using fungicides like carbendazim. Common pests include locusts, which can be controlled using insecticides such as scorpion spirit or great merits.
5. **Harvesting**
Pure sesame oil is generally ready for harvest 20–30 days after planting. Depending on market demand, more than ten leaves can be harvested at any time to meet consumer needs.