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Key points for the new ecologically efficient breeding of shrimp ponds
Compared to the culture of Macrobrachium rosenbergii and Penaeus vannamei, green shrimp farming requires less investment in seedlings, has a more stable purchase price, and involves lower breeding risks. The scale of shrimp farming is continuously expanding, and the level of intensification is increasing. However, the issue of early sexual maturity in green shrimp is becoming more severe, which brings significant challenges to production. First, precocious shrimp grow slowly as their energy is directed toward gonadal development, resulting in smaller marketable sizes and lower prices, directly affecting economic returns. Second, the large-scale breeding of juvenile shrimp increases pond density, leading to competition for food, oxygen, and space between shrimps and other species like crayfish. This results in shrimp not reaching desired sizes, reducing commodity value and negatively impacting aquaculture productivity. Therefore, improving production efficiency, product size, and economic benefits has become a major concern for shrimp farmers. To achieve high-quality, high-yield, and high-efficiency shrimp farming, new breeding models and techniques must be explored. Based on past experience and practical application, this article introduces innovative ecological and efficient methods for shrimp pond management.
First, creating a favorable pond ecosystem is essential. The water quality must be clean, fresh, and free from pollution, with dissolved oxygen levels above 5 mg/L in the surface and over 3 mg/L at the bottom. The pH should range between 7.5 and 8.0. Pond areas should be between 2 to 5 mu, with a depth of 1.2 to 1.8 meters. The pond bottom should be flat, with a slope of 1:2 to 2.5. Each pond should have 1 to 2 aerators with power ranging from 1 to 1.5 kW. Inlet water should be filtered using an 80-mesh bag to prevent wild fish and eggs from entering. Before stocking, the pond should be disinfected 7 to 10 days in advance using 75 to 100 kg/mu of lime. After two to three days, add 50 to 60 cm of water and apply 150 to 200 kg/mu of fermented organic fertilizer to cultivate natural food organisms. Aquatic plants such as phytoplankton and some floating grasses should be planted, spaced 1 to 2 meters apart, covering about 30% of the water surface. These plants provide shelter, increase dissolved oxygen through photosynthesis, and help purify the water. Additionally, placing tea twigs or bamboo shoots in shallow areas and using mesh structures can promote three-dimensional farming, increasing habitat space and improving yield and shrimp size.
Second, purchasing high-quality shrimp and implementing scientific stocking practices is crucial. Shrimp should be sourced from reliable breeding grounds, and it's important to avoid inbreeding, which leads to poor seed quality, early sexual maturity, and smaller marketable sizes. Stocking time should be adjusted to delay sexual maturity; for example, postponing stocking until mid-July can reduce the occurrence of early maturation. Stocking density should be carefully managed based on the farming system. For freshwater shrimp, a density of 60,000 to 80,000 shrimp per mu is recommended, while polyculture systems may use 15,000 to 20,000 shrimp per mu. Regular monitoring and timely harvesting of market-ready shrimp will help maintain optimal density and promote growth.
Third, providing high-quality feed is essential. Larvae require feed with 35-40% crude protein, while adult shrimp need feed with 30-32%. Feeding should follow the "Four Sets" principle, adjusting quantities based on weather, water temperature, and water quality. Maintaining good water quality is vital, as green shrimp are sensitive to low dissolved oxygen levels. Oxygenation should be done regularly, especially during hot or rainy days. Freshwater should be added frequently, and microbial preparations such as photosynthetic bacteria or EM can be used if water sources are limited. Proper top-dressing with organic fertilizers helps maintain water color and transparency. Lime should be sprinkled every 15–20 days to adjust pH and control pathogens. Introducing compatible fish species can also help manage shrimp populations and maintain ecological balance.
Lastly, disease prevention is key. Following the "prevention first" principle, regular disinfection using quicklime, dibromohydantoin, or quaternary ammonium salts can help control disease outbreaks. While green shrimp are relatively disease-resistant compared to other aquatic species, common issues include black gill disease, red body disease, and soft shell disease. Prompt treatment according to specific symptoms is necessary to ensure healthy growth and maximize yields. By combining these strategies, shrimp farmers can enhance productivity, improve shrimp quality, and achieve greater profitability in their aquaculture operations.